怎么样鉴赏剪纸艺术?
剪纸,是中国最为古老、流行的民间艺术之一,一直是广大人民群众喜闻乐见的艺术形式。郭沫若有诗云:“曾见北国之窗花,其味天真而浑厚,今见南方之刻纸,玲珑剔透得未有,一剪之趣夺神功,美在民间永不朽。”剪纸可追溯到南北朝时期,但有人认为它的实际开始时间比这还要早几百年。
现在人们都把剪纸作为一件艺术品来欣赏,或用于装饰点缀墙壁、门窗、房柱、镜子、灯笼和礼品等可又有谁知道,剪纸在很久以前却是一种葬礼用品,用于与死者一起下葬或在葬礼上燃烧,此外剪纸还被用作祭祀祖先和神仙所用供品的装饰物。这一习俗现在已较少见到了。
剪纸技法分为剪刀剪和刀刻两种。前者借助于剪刀,剪完后再把几张(一般不超过8张)剪纸粘贴起来,最后再用锋利的剪刀对图案进行加工。后者则是先把纸张折成数叠,放在由灰和动物脂肪组成的松软的混和体上,然后用小刀慢慢刻划。和剪刀相比,刀刻的一个优势就是一次可以加工成多个剪纸图案。别以为剪纸只是一件消遣、娱乐的玩意,在某些农村,剪纸可是每个女孩所必须掌握的手艺,并且还是人们品评新娘的一个标准。当然,剪纸也可作为一种职业,不过奇怪的是,剪纸艺人常常是男人,可能因为通常只有男人才能在作坊里一起劳作并挣工钱。
剪纸风格大体上可分为南北两派。北方剪纸淳朴浑厚,豪迈粗放,变形夸张,喜用块、面,线条也简练概括,人物特征鲜明,风格朴素,单纯,明快,色彩浓艳,代表作品有山西、陕西、河北、山东;南方剪纸包括的地区广大,如江苏、浙江、安徽、湖南、湖北、四川等中部地区和广东、广西、福建等南部地区。中部地区比较典型的是江浙一带。南方剪纸的民间传统风格是注重写实,艺术风格秀丽,柔美明快,工艺精巧,玲珑剔透,镂金彩绘,风格重装饰,因而加工复杂,工艺性较强。
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